History Essay Samples

Exploring Seoul’s Rich History: An Insightful Essay Sample

Journey to the Past: Unearthing Seoul’s Millennia-old History

Seoul, the capital of South Korea, is officially known as the Seoul Special City because it is a directly controlled municipality of equal status to the country’s provinces. The Korean term Seoul is the direct translation of the word capital city. According to Ladd (n.d.), the reference to Seoul was first used in 1946, following the end of World War II. The city is situated in the middle of the Korean Peninsula, near the western coastline, and in the northwest corner of South Korea, several kilometers from the Demilitarized Zone border that separates the two Koreas. The port city of Incheon is located to the west of Seoul. Incheon, Seoul, and other satellite cities form the Greater Seoul region.

High mountains surround Seoul. In addition, the capital city is regarded as the Korean center of architecture, politics, religion, and other significant cultural expressions such as dance, art, and fashion. This has made it a significant tourist destination in Asia. Seoul is the largest metropolitan area in the world after Tokyo, with over 25 million inhabitants (Kim, 2012b). The main language spoken in this city is Korean. Almost half of all South Koreans reside in Seoul alone. However, the city is also home to many expatriates. It is classified as a megacity and the largest city in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Two main religions are practiced in Seoul: Christianity and Buddhism. However, several minor religions exist, such as Confucianism.

Seoul has a long and rich history. Shin and Sneider (2011) assert that 600 years of Korean history can be found within this city. However, the overall history of the region can be traced back to 18 BC (Shin & Sneider, 2011). It is thus believed that the history of Seoul, calculated from the present, goes back over two millennia. Seoul has developed mainly as a capital city since its inception in the 14th century (Shin & Sneider, 2011). This is because various dynasties have constantly used it as their capital. The city’s propitious location, situated between mountains and a river, presents a clue to this preference and explains why kings favored it. For instance, King Taejo, the first ruler of the Joseon Dynasty, one of the kingdoms that settled in Seoul, chose this city as his capital. Currently, Seoul is one of the leading and rising global cities. The city has undergone an economic boom that has propelled it to this position. This economic transformation, commonly known as the miracle on the Han River, has led to the city contributing a significant chunk of South Korea’s GDP.

Embarking on a Timeless Journey: Unraveling Seoul

This study aims to trace the history of Seoul from its beginnings in ancient times to its current modern, metropolitan status. This discussion aims to explore Seoul as a city, from its founding in the 14th century to the present day. An etymology of the city will also be given. The focus is to present the historical development of the city’s name, Seoul. This is because the city has been known by many names throughout history. The early history of Seoul will also be assessed. This will feature two main areas of interest. The first will be the prehistoric period of the city. This information will be derived from the findings of various archaeological studies conducted on the city. The second area of interest will cover the three kingdoms period. This will feature an exploration of three dynasties that ruled Seoul and their impact on the city’s historical development. The final area of interest will include the city’s architectural development, religion, and language.

The Tapestry of Time: Seoul’s Historical Saga

What’s in a Name? Tracing Seoul’s Nomenclature Through the Ages

Seoul has been known by several names throughout its history. One such name was Wirye-Seong. Kim (2014) postulates that this was the name used for the city during the Baekje Kingdom. Another name that was used to refer to this city was Namgyeong. This name was primarily used during the Goryeo dynasty era. Hanseong is another name that was used to refer to the city. This took place during the era of both the Baekje and Joseon Dynasties. Another name given to this city was Hanyang. The name was mostly used during the Joseon era. When the city came under colonial rule, the name Gyeongseong was used as a reference. During the Japanese annexation of Korea, the city was called Keijo. The Japanese Imperialists made this change to eliminate confusion with the name Hanja, which also referred to the Han in Chinese. The current name, Seoul, derives from the Korean language used in ancient times, meaning capital. The city received this name after the nation gained independence from Japan following the end of the Second World War in 1945.

The Dawn of Time: Seoul’s Ancient Beginnings

Prehistoric. Humans first settled in the area that is now Seoul during the Paleolithic era. They were believed to have established settlements along the Han River and in nearby areas, including Kanghwa, Yong-in, Paju, and Inchon. This has been confirmed by archaeological findings that illustrate people in this area started to live a settled life during the Neolithic age. According to Seth (2010), some prehistoric remains discovered in present-day Seoul are believed to date back approximately 3000-7000 years ago. It is believed that discoveries such as bronze were responsible for prompting the people living in this area during the prehistoric age to slowly move away from the Han River. As a result, people began to establish settlements in inland regions. During this prehistoric time, it is believed that people lived in small, tribal states. Their primary activity was farming, which they conducted using tools made of stone and earthenware. Some of the relics discovered by archaeologists include dolmens and shell mounds. These relics indicate the presence of a civilization in the fertile parts of the Han River basin during prehistoric times.

The period of the 3 kingdoms. The background of the Three Kingdoms shows that their rule spanned from around 57 BC to 668 AD (Ladd, n.d.). Additionally, it is sometimes claimed that the three kingdoms first emerged during the time of Christ. Kim (2014) suggests that the term “Three Kingdoms” was first used to refer to these kingdoms in the titles of Korean histories around the 12th and 13th centuries. The historical titles of Samguk Sagi and Samguk Yusa were used in the 12th and 13th centuries, respectively (Kim 2014). Using these two terms for the three kingdoms allows them to understand the Chinese Three Kingdoms. The formation of the three kingdoms is believed to have been after the fall of Gojoseon, a significantly ancient kingdom. At this precise time, each of the three kingdoms decided to conquer the weaker states around them, ultimately ending up in the Peninsula region, where modern-day Seoul is located.

These three kingdoms comprised the ancient kingdoms of Baekje, Silla, and Goguryeo. They are regarded as some of the kingdoms that have had a significant influence on Seoul, with this influence still evident today. It is believed that all three kingdoms had similar cultures and languages. This was critical since it made it easy for the kingdoms to assert their control in the city when one of them was removed from power following its defeat by another. Besides the obvious political influence of these three kingdoms, they also introduced new ways of life that significantly influenced the cultural development of the Asian city. This touched on aspects such as religion, language, and architecture, as each Kingdom tried to assert its presence in the city. One important factor is that Silla later unified the three kingdoms after centuries of conflict. Kim (2012a) postulates that this was around 57 BC and AD 935. This allowed the three kingdoms to practice significant control over the entire Peninsula region. This Kingdom first conquered the Kingdom of Goguryeo and then the Kingdom of Baekje, after ending its alliance with the latter. Historians first began to speak of a unified Korea during this period.

The ancient Kingdom of Baekje. The Kingdom of Baekje, also known as Paekche, is believed to have been the first to establish its presence in the area that is now Seoul. Kim (2012b) said Baekje was a highly centralized and aristocratic kingdom. It was first founded as a member of the Mahan Confederacy. This existed between the 1st century BC and the 3rd century AD in the region around the Korean Peninsula, where modern-day Seoul is located. This Kingdom was believed to have amalgamated Chinese and indigenous influences into the city. The Kingdom of Baekje occupied Seoul in the 3rd century AD (Kim 2012b). This was a time in the Kingdom when it was believed to have gathered enough strength and advantage to defeat its rivals and thus take control of the city. Some of these rivals were other Mahan chiefdoms. Its official entry into Seoul took place around 18 BC. It is believed that the capital city of the Kingdom of Baekje, Wiryeseong, was located within modern-day Seoul. Furthermore, some of the city’s remains have been dated to this period, confirming the existence of the Baekje Kingdom.

During the reign of this Kingdom in Seoul, many interesting cultures were introduced to the city. This not only touched the way of life of the people of this city but also their system of governance. Seth (2010) states that one such new introduction was the father-to-son royal succession, which became a common custom in Korea. This is said to have been introduced by the Baekje Kingdom, particularly by King Geun Chugo. Later on, the grandson of King Geun Chugo made a significant contribution to Seoul when he introduced Buddhism, a new religion that became the city’s most common and widely accepted faith. This took place around the year 384 (Kim, 2012a). Shin and Sneider (2011) note that before its defeat in 660 by the alliance between Silla and the Chinese Tang Dynasty, which led to the unification of Silla, the Baekje Kingdom controlled a significant western part of the Korean Peninsula. This control stretched as far as the North of Pyongyang. It is also believed that the Baekje Kingdom had influence as far as China, with territories such as Liaoxi. The presence of this Kingdom in such areas had a noteworthy influence on Seoul, introducing new practices and ways of life into the city.

The ancient Kingdom of Goguryeo. The Goguryeo Dynasty defeated the Kingdom of Baekje and subsequently took control of the Korean Peninsula region. The dynasty was seeking to strategically establish its position in the region. This was believed to have occurred in 392 (Ladd, n.d.). At the time, the Goguryeo Kingdom was also called the Northern Kingdom. This Kingdom emerged from the North and south banks of the Yalu River. Its emergence occurred in the wake of the fall of the Gojoseon Dynasty. The Kingdom is first mentioned in Chinese records dating back to 75 BC (Kim, 2012a). This was through a remark concerning a commandery that the Han Dynasty established. This Kingdom is said to have been very well advanced, and it brought this advancement to Seoul, transforming it into a leading city of the region at the time. One fact that makes this kingdom stand out is that it was the largest of the three. The large size of the Kingdom of Goguryeo extended to the border with China. This led to it being influenced by Chinese culture, which it brought to Seoul when it established it as its capital. This Chinese cultural influence led to the city adopting Buddhism as its official religion.

The ancient Kingdom of Silla. However, the control of the Goguryeo Dynasty was short-lived. This was due to the seizure of the region by Silla. Seth (2010) notes that the Kingdom of Silla initially allied with Baekje in 551 and established control of the region. However, the alliance ended later, and Silla decided to conquer the entire peninsula region for itself. This thus became the last Kingdom to govern the city of Seoul.

According to Ladd (n.d.), the Kingdom of Silla was initially named Saro before being renamed Silla in 503. It is worth noting that the name Silla was also used in this city. Before succeeding in taking over the Peninsula Region and the city of Seoul, Silla had to fight off enemies such as the Goguryeo Kingdom. To achieve this, it formed new alliances and thus reached out to the Tang Dynasty of China. Following its defeat of its rival Goguryeo, this Kingdom ended its alliance with the Chinese Dynasty. Before cutting ties with the Tang Dynasty, the Kingdom of Silla gained not only a political ally that helped it defeat its enemies but also benefited from the dynasty in other ways. Thus, besides its own culture, Silla also incorporated aspects of the Tang dynasty’s culture. The high officials of the Kingdom were trained at the Confucian Academy. Despite the influence of some aspects of Tang Dynasty culture, Silla’s culture remained distinct and one of the most advanced in the world. This, to a large extent, paints a picture of the cultural status in Seoul during the Silla Kingdom era.

As mentioned earlier, Silla practiced Buddhism in the city because the three kingdoms shared similar cultural influences. Consequently, this became the official religion used in Seoul after the establishment of the Kingdom in the city. However, the Kingdom of Silla differs slightly from the first two kingdoms of Baekje and Goguryeo in that it was less influenced by Chinese culture.

The three kingdoms from an archaeological perspective. An archaeological perspective can offer a deeper understanding of the influence of the Three Kingdoms in Seoul. Some of the main archaeological sites that can be dated back to this period include excavated cemeteries, many of which are located in the mountains surrounding the city. It is claimed that the archaeological evidence of the three kingdoms’ existence has increased considerably over the years. Kim (2012b) affirms that this increase peaked during the 1990s. In particular, this increase has been observed in sites associated with ancient industrial production, roads, palaces, ceremonial sites, and the houses of commoners. An archaeological discussion of the three kingdoms will feature the following aspects. The first will involve the formation of the three kingdoms. The second part of the discussion will feature archeological evidence from burials. The third part of the discussion will entail archaeological evidence from the factory production of pottery and roof tiles. The final part of the archaeological evidence will highlight various monumental architecture and capital cities.

The archaeological discussion on the formation of the three kingdoms begins with the assertion that various complex societies of people existed in the chiefdoms of Korea, dating back as far as 700 BC, as postulated by Shin and Sneider (2011). However, some of the best evidence suggests that the three kingdoms developed around 300 BC and 300-400 AD (Seth, 2010). This, however, does not necessarily mean that states existed during the BC era, as archaeologists have yet to prove this with certainty. This archaeological evidence suggests that the correlates of state societies did not develop at a single point in time; instead, this process occurred in spurts, beginning at various points in time. Kim (2014) states that the development of states and thus the possibility of the existence of the three kingdoms became a possibility around 100-400 AD. This is confirmed by the fact that this was when most individual states, societies, and kingdoms had emerged in significant numbers.

The archaeological discussion on the development of the three kingdoms using evidence from burials began with archaeologists analyzing cemeteries. These were discovered around the late 2nd century. The discovery was made in regions believed to have been the Kingdoms of Silla and Gaya. The analysis results indicated that these were graves belonging to the elites of that time (Kim, 2012a).

This was true for the prestige grave goods. This, however, was not witnessed on a regional scale among the cemeteries. Further archaeological evidence indicates that during this period, the size of the elites’ graves was increasing. These graves used a wooden chamber construction technique. Changes began to emerge during the 3rd century. A distinct pattern began to show in the cemeteries of the single elites considered to hold the highest status. The cemeteries of these elites were constructed along ridgelines, on hilltops, and in the region’s mountainous areas. This is a critical fact given that mountains surrounded the city of Seoul, indicating that the cemeteries of the elites must have been constructed in these areas. To further enhance the importance of their status, high-status elites were buried in tombs of much larger dimensions, often located at the highest points of the site. This information sheds light on how burials took place in Seoul as the three kingdoms introduced their aspects of the burial process and the cemeteries.

The archaeological evidence on factory production focuses specifically on pottery and roof tiles. While archaeological evidence from the burial places of the three kingdoms served as an indicator of the regional political hierarchies that existed at the time, this evidence can also be used to reveal the economic activities and cultures of each kingdom. Pottery was one of the primary activities performed in the three kingdoms. Initially, the people focused on diversifying their pottery production. However, this gradually ended and ultimately disappeared, to be replaced by full-time specialization in pottery production. According to Seth (2010), this change came at the end of the 4th century, when pottery production was critical in the three kingdoms. The vessels that were produced became standardized, and production was centralized. The archaeological excavation at Songok-dong in Gyeongju provides evidence of this. This excavation provides evidence of the ancient industrial complex that must have existed in Seoul during the periods of each of the three kingdoms in the city. During the excavation of the archaeological sites in the 1990s, some of the discovered artifacts included remains of pottery kilns, roof tile kilns, and kilns made from charcoal (Shin & Sneider, 2011). Other interesting archaeological remains found included buildings and workshops linked to the production of this pottery.

Other significant periods of Seoul. Following the fall of the Three Kingdoms, other powers showed interest in controlling Seoul, leading to additional periods in the city’s history.

Goryeo period. The first of these was the Goryeo period. The Goryeo Dynasty established its presence in Seoul and the peninsula region under the leadership of Wang Geon, a formidable military leader. Kim (2014) specifically notes that the dynasty arrived in Seoul following the defeat of its rival, the Kingdom of Silla, in 935. This officially ended the rule of the three kingdoms in Seoul. The dynasty was established in 918 by King Taejo (Kim 2014). One of the most interesting facts about Goryeo is that it is believed to be the origin of the name Korea. Goryeo’s occupation of this region unified the boundaries that Korea retains today, as well as those of the city of Seoul. Goryeo’s interest in Korea, and ultimately in Seoul, was fueled by the common belief that the most strategic Kingdom is one that controls the Peninsula Region. This region was significant and was thus fought for by many, as it was the center of transportation, critical in driving economic activities. According to Ladd (n.d.), this occurred in 1104 following the Goryeo interest in gaining control of the city. The ruler of the Goryeo Dynasty at the time, King Sukjong, quickly instructed the construction of a palace in Gaesung. At the time, this area was known as the Southern Capital or Namgyeong. The Goryeo period saw the city develop into a region with high political standing. This dynasty was just like others before it fell. Its collapse was due to an uprising led by General Yi Seong-hye. He then proceeded to establish the Joseon dynasty.

Joseon period. The second period became the Joseon Period. It is believed that this was the period when Seoul’s significance as a city began to emerge. This dynasty emerged in Seoul following the defeat of Goryeo by General Yi Seong-hye. Kim (2012b) reiterates that its presence in Seoul was first felt in 1394. The Joseon Dynasty relocated its capital to Seoul. At the time, the city was known as Hanyang. This name was later changed to Hanseong, meaning “Fortress City on the Han”, as it was situated on the banks of the Han River. It is believed that this was when the city became the capital of the Korean Peninsula. Yi Seong-Hye, now the king, had searched extensively for a location before settling on Seoul. He had wanted a place that would operate as a long-term phase of his government. Another reason why Yi Seong-hye chose Seoul as his capital was that the city was geographically ideal for constructing palaces. Furthermore, it was an area suitable for habitation. Apart from palaces, stately buildings and royal shrines were also built.

The occupation of Seoul by the Joseon Dynasty lasted throughout its reign and ended later, following the fall of the Kingdom. The city was referred to as a fortress because it was surrounded by an immense circular wall constructed during the reign of King Taejo, who aimed to establish a secure capital city. Therefore, the significance of this wall lies in guaranteeing protection to the city’s citizens from various wild animals and other threats, such as external invaders. During the wall construction, the ancient Koreans were aided by the plans of the inner mountains surrounding the city and geomatics. The inner walls made constructing the wall easier because the natural terrain along the ridgeline of the inner walls of the four mountains was used to illustrate how the wall would be constructed. It is estimated that about 197,000 workers built the wall (Shin & Sneider, 2011). This lasted for 98 days, with the wall stretching for 17 kilometers (Shin & Sneider, 2011). A significant portion of this wall remains intact in present-day Seoul and is a notable tourist attraction. It is essential to note that this wall was vital to the city, and as a result, it underwent two major repairs. The first occurred in 1422, while the other occurred in 1899 (Shin & Sneider, 2011). That second repair was carried out to ease the impact of the city’s rapid modernization and expansion, which was taking a toll on its infrastructure.

Further changes to the wall took place in the 20th century (Shin & Sneider, 2011). Seth (2010) reiterates that in 1907, a wall section was torn down to allow the then-Prince Yoshihito to pass through as he visited Seoul. The prince had refused to use the gates to enter the city. This gate was later restored in the 1970s (Seth, 2010). This restoration involved the Samcheong section. The gates of the wall, which have come to be referred to as the Eight Gates, were open during the day and closed at night. The people were alerted to this opening and closing of the gates through large, ringing bells. The trace of the city during this period can still be felt in modern-day Seoul. In particular, these traces include the South Gate and the East Gate, referred to as Namdaemun and Heunginjimun, respectively, at the time following their construction.

The initial years of Joseon rule in Seoul were relatively peaceful. During this time, Seoul grew into a real cosmopolitan city. One notable development during this period was the emergence of the Korean alphabet, which, according to Kim (2012a), originated around the 14th century. King Sejong is credited with having pushed for its development. Another significant historical development was Confucianism, which became the religion of the day. To assert the adaptation of Confucianism into the city, the Joseon Dynasty completely banned Buddhism and Catholicism. This was practiced only in the mountains and the countryside.

Journeys Through Modernity: Seoul’s Recent Past

The Korean Empire period. The third period was the Korean Empire Period. This period began in the late 19th century. In particular, this period began in 1897, following the end of the Joseon Dynasty in Korea (Kim, 2014). It was a significant moment for Seoul, as the city had remained in isolation for almost a century. This isolation gave rise to the origin of the name “Hermit Kingdom,” which was used by Western nations to refer to Korea, a legacy that continues today, as the modern state of North Korea has been given this moniker. However, according to Ladd (n.d.), in the 19th century, the city opened itself to foreigners and developed a spirit of modernization. This led the city to make a concerted effort to catch up with the world, and over time, it became a leading modern city in Asia by being the first to have electricity, water, and modern communication systems, thanks to the development of the telephone and telegraph systems. By opening itself up to foreigners, Seoul underwent this transformation as a result of the trade it conducted with its new foreign allies, notably the United States and France.

The modernization process of the city, following Korea’s decision to open itself up to the world, can be understood as follows. The Gwangmu Government embarked on a mission to modernize Korea’s infrastructure, including that of Seoul, as the empire’s capital. According to Seth (2010), the emperor at the time permitted Korea to enter into a joint venture with an American company, resulting in the establishment of the Hanseong Electric Company. It was through this company that Korea and, subsequently, Seoul received electricity. This was consequential in helping other industries advance as they now had a convenient power source. Another significant advancement during this period was the establishment of the Seoul Fresh Spring Water Company, which was closely affiliated with American associates. This further modernized the city by making it easy for residents to access water. The Gwangmu Government is highly credited for promoting industrial advancement in Seoul and Korea. In addition to overseeing the business relations between Korea and the outside world, the government provided substantial support in developing technical and industrial schools, many of which were founded in Seoul.

Colonial period. This was also a significant time for Seoul as it marked the end of the city’s control by the feudal system of kings, aristocrats, peasants, enslaved people, and outcasts and introduced a new system of governance through the military. This occurred when Imperial Japan annexed the entire Korean Peninsula. Shin and Sneider (2011) observe that following its success in colonizing Korea, Japan established Seoul as its capital. The colonial rule lasted from 1910 to 1945 (Shin & Sneider, 2011). At the time, the Japanese decided to call the city Keijo. This had the literal meaning of the capital city in Hanja. One positive outcome of this was that the city became highly urbanized. According to Shin and Sneider (2011), despite the harsh rule of its Japanese conquerors, the city’s modern aspects grew considerably. Besides urban growth, other developments that took place included the expansion of commerce in the city, mass cultures such as radio, and industrial development, mainly in Seoul as the capital. According to Kim (2014), by the end of Japan’s rule in Korea, Seoul was the most dynamic city in Asia.

Seoul, at the time of Japanese rule, had 2 wards. The first was Keijo itself, while the second was Ryusan-ku. Japan’s control of the city ended following the Second World War in 1945 (Shin & Sneider, 2011), although the official end of Japanese rule in Korea ended in 1948, lasting 35 years. Japanese rule over Korea may have modernized Seoul, but it had a profoundly devastating cultural impact on the city. The Japanese wanted complete control over Korea and eliminated Korea’s culture by destroying Korean palaces. One major act by Japan in its endeavor to eradicate Korean culture came through its insistence that Koreans change their names and adopt Japanese names instead. The country was uncertain despite the end of Japanese colonial rule in Korea. It had no experience with modern governance systems, while on the other hand, the dynasty monarchy-style rule had been eliminated following Japan’s invasion.

Development after the end of the Second World War. It is essential to note that following the end of the Second World War, which was also significant in ending Japan’s colonial rule over Korea, things did not immediately change for Seoul. This was due to the division and the subsequent Korean War. However, on another note, according to Kim (2012b), the city adopted its current name, Seoul, during this period. The end of Japanese colonial rule paved the way for the establishment of the Republic of Korea, which subsequently made the city its capital. The tension between the two factions led to the division of the Republic of Korea into South and North Korea. This led to the outbreak of the Korean War. During the war, Seoul changed hands four times. The effect was its destruction when South Korea took back the city.

Contemporary period. Today, Seoul is a modern city with a highly developed and technologically advanced society that contributes significantly to Asia’s overall development and serves as a leading force in innovation. This is evident from its streets lined with magnificent skyscrapers and a population of over 10.3 million (Kim, 2014). Thus, this has become the center of everything significant in South Korea. Additionally, Seoul serves as a symbol of South Korea’s dynamic economic development. South Korean infrastructure is well-developed to support public transportation. For instance, the city’s subway system is one of the primary modes of transportation for residents and visitors in Seoul. This has been essential in making this relatively compact city more manageable by connecting all its parts.

Edifices of Time: The Architectural Wonders of Seoul

This discussion will explore the architecture of Seoul from the time of the Three Kingdoms and other significant periods in Seoul’s history.

The Octagonal Odyssey: A Tour of Seoul’s Eight Gates

Among the most fascinating architectural designs in Seoul are the Eight Great Gates. A discussion of these gates provides an in-depth understanding of the historical development of Seoul’s architecture from ancient times to the present, encompassing the Three Kingdoms period.

The first gate under discussion is Namdaemun, also known as the Great South Gate or the Gate of Exalted Ceremonies. Its construction commenced in 1365, and the structure was completed in 1398 (Shin & Sneider, 2011). This gate was the largest, oldest, and most famous in Seoul. In modern-day Seoul, the gate is situated next to one of the city’s major markets, which was ultimately named after the gate and is believed to have existed since the 1400s (Ladd, n.d.). During ancient times, this gate was used by foreigners to enter the city. Unfortunately, the gate was destroyed in an arson attack in 2008 (Kim, 2012b). Despite this, the gate had existed for over five centuries before its destruction, showcasing the magnificent architecture of Seoul during the Joseon Dynasty.

Dongdaemun, also known as the Great East Gate, has a market with its name next to it. This market is the city’s most crowded and busiest shopping center. Having the markets near the gates was a measure of preventing congestion inside the city. This gate encompasses a significant amount of the city wall. The gate was initially put up in 1396, although it was reinforced in 1453 and rebuilt in 1869 (Seth, 2010). One unique feature of this gate is that its exterior contains a wall built to reinforce it and ensure the effective defense of the city. Other architectural details include an arched hongyemun opening at the center of the granite base. The ornamentation on the gate is extremely detailed and typical of the Joseon Dynasty.

Bukdaemun Gate, also referred to as the Great North Gate, was first constructed in 1396 (Shin & Sneider, 2011). It was, however, not utilized as a gate, but was instead built to fulfill the need for a fourth great wall for the Joseon dynasty. The gate was used for the first 18 years after it was built and then shut down due to superstitious beliefs that an evil spirit could use it to enter the city. This was due to this gate’s closeness to the mountains, where the cemeteries of the elite were located. This gate is open today; however, it is under strict security, as users must present their passports or identification to gain entry. The reason for this tight security was the assassination attempt of then-president Chung Hee Park in 1968, which was believed to have given the assassins access to the presidential residence.

Seoudaemun, sometimes referred to as the Great West Gate, is believed to have been initially constructed in 1396 but was later rebuilt in the 18th century (Kim, 2014). Most of this gate’s history is tied to the Japanese. For instance, it is said that this gate was the site where Japanese assassins murdered Korea’s last queen, Myungsung. In addition, this gate’s destruction came under Japan’s hands following its occupation of Korea. While this gate no longer exists, plans for its rebuilding are underway.

Dongsomun, sometimes known as Hyehwamun, which means Distribution of Wisdom, is the small northeast gate. Following the construction of the eight gates, this was the main gate used in Seoul. The original name given to this gate was Hongwhamun, which was changed in 1511 to the current name (Seth, 2010). Over time, this gate lost its relevance and ceased to be in use, leaving it vulnerable to decay. The gate was later restored in 1744 by the order of King Yeongjo (Ladd, n.d.). Due to the significant work done to restore this gate, it has become a major tourist attraction today.

Buksomun, as one of the Eight Gates, means ‘Showing the Correct Thing’. First built in 1396, it is among the smallest gates and is the small northwest gate (Ladd, n.d.). It was mainly used as a public passage. The gate was shut down just a few years after its construction in 1416 due to superstitious beliefs that led to the claim that it could harm the king. (Shin & Sneider, 2011). Despite this, the gate was reopened in 1506. Japan was instrumental in destroying the wall during its entry into the city during its conquest of Korea. This is the oldest gate among the eight, having been rebuilt after the destruction of the south gate by arson.

Namsomun, located in the southeastern part of the city, is also one of the smallest gates. It is sometimes referred to as Gwanghimun or the Gate of Bright Prosperity. As with the other gates, it was first constructed in 1396. It has undergone rebuilding and restoration over the years since its construction (Ladd, n.d.). The city’s residents mainly used the gate for funeral processions. Not much remains today of this gate apart from its stone pavement. This is due to the Japanese forces’ destruction of a large chunk of it. This gate is located in present-day Seoul on a street corner enclosed by a fence. Despite this disclosure, visiting the gate remains unrestricted.

The Gate of Seosomun, which means the Gate of Clear Justice, is also one of the smaller gates located southwest of the city. Like several others, this gate was built in 1396 (Ladd, n.d.). Similar to the Gate of Namsanmun, Seosanmun was used for funeral processions from the city and served as a public thoroughfare. Prisoners were publicly beheaded in a park near this gate. Their heads were usually displayed on the gate after the beheading ceremony to serve as a warning. Like the other gates, Japan once again had a hand in destroying this gate when it invaded Korea and Seoul. The Japanese later demolished this gate to establish themselves in the city and erase the Korean culture. This destruction was so thorough that no traces of the gate remain today.

Royal Echoes: The Majestic Palaces of Seoul

The palaces of Seoul represent the power that existed during the occupation of some of the powerful dynasties and kingdoms in the city, while it served as their capital. These palaces are a source of the history and culture of Seoul during this time.

Changgyeong Palace. This palace, one of Seoul’s most popular tourist attractions, was built by King Sejong as a present to his father. Although little is known about its original name, its current name, Changnyeong, was given to the palace in 1483 following its renovation (Ladd, n.d.). The palace was used during the rule of the two main dynasties in Seoul: the Goryeo and Joseon Dynasties. During their occupation of Korea during colonial times, the Japanese fulfilled their wish of undermining Korean culture by building a zoo and a garden at the palace site. Notably, this palace was considered one of the five grand palaces during the ancient times of the Three Kingdoms in Seoul. The Japanese eventually destroyed the palace during their attempts to invade Korea.

Gyeongbokgung Palace. Among the five grand palaces, this is believed to be the oldest and the largest. It was built in 1395 by King Taejo (Seth, 2010). Its name, Gyeongbokgung, means “Palace Greatly Blessed by Heaven.” Only a little remains of the original palace as the Japanese destroyed it during the invasion of Korea. Despite this, significant restoration was carried out on the palace in the 1990s (Shin & Sneider, 2011). This results in restoring the palace to something close to its original version. Currently, it is one of the most popular tourist destinations in the city, attracting visitors eager to experience the rich history of Seoul and Korea as a nation.

Changdeokgung Palace. The Palace of Prospering Virtue, or Changdeokgung, was first built in 1405 (Ladd, n.d.). It was the second royal palace to be built in Seoul. Notably, this palace is the one that was occupied the longest by kings. This can be attributed to the political strife that existed in the Kingdom, as well as to the personal preferences of the kings, who maintained many of its traditional elements compared to other palaces. As in the case of the rest of the great palaces, it, too, suffered great destruction, mostly at the hands of the Japanese. It has, however, been restored over the years to resemble its original design and thus has become a place of interest for many tourists visiting the city.

Deoksugung Palace. This was not originally built as a palace but became one following the Japanese destruction of the other palaces, forcing the royals to make this their temporary home. King Gwanghaegun gave this palace the name Gyeongungung. The original name, Deoksugung, meaning “Palace of Virtuous Longevity,” was given in 1907 (Seth, 2010) to commemorate the longevity of King Gojong, the last king of the Joseon Kingdom and the first emperor of Korea. The present location of the statue in the city is relatively small compared to the other great palaces. The statue of King Sejong the Great is located in this palace.

Gyeonghuigung Palace. The name of this palace translates to “the Palace of Serene Harmony.” This was initially not among the great palaces of the day, but was built where the royals could be moved in an emergency. In short, this palace was more like a safe house. It was built in 1623 (Ladd, n.d.). Initially, it was a relatively large palace comprising approximately 100 buildings, with a bridge connecting it to the Deoksugung Palace (Shin & Sneider, 2011). Once again, Japan hurt this palace by destroying it during its occupation of Korea. However, the palace has been restored to its former glory and is a tourist attraction.

Spiritual Crossroads: Tracing the Sacred Pathways of Seoul

Tracing the history of religion in Seoul involves understanding Korea’s rich religious practices and diverse beliefs. The various religions practiced from this time to the present will be discussed.

Before the current religions practiced today, ancient societies followed a religion guided by Mu. Buddhism was later introduced during the period of the three kingdoms. For instance, Buddhism was the most commonly practiced religion in both the Silla and Baekje Dynasties. Buddhism was also practiced in the later period of the Kingdom of Goryeo. According to Kim (2012a), the expansion of Buddhism as a religion was so great that it became a political force. Despite this, Chinese-influenced Confucianism managed to assert itself in these ancient kingdoms. This became the main ideology and belief system practiced in the Joseon Dynasty.

Consequently, the Joseon Dynasty worked to suppress the practice of Buddhism and the indigenous religion of Shamanism. This was accomplished by destroying Buddhist monasteries and restricting nuns and monks from entering cities. This lasted until the 19th century, making Confucianism the primary religion practiced in Seoul, as it was the capital city of the Joseon Dynasty (Kim, 2012a). Western religions made their way into Korea and, consequently, Seoul following the collapse of the Joseon Kingdom. Thus, Christianity became a significant religion in Korea, allowing missionaries to enter its cities.

Further religious development occurred from 1945 onwards (Kim, 2014). This marked the year when Korea was divided into two rival states. One of the consequences of this is that many Christians made a move to South Korea as the Communist ideals of the North were not favorable to them. Believers of Cheondoism remained in the North, resulting in South Korea having a limited number of adherents to this faith. During the 1970s and 80s, the South Korean government banned indigenous faiths (Kim, 2012b). This led to the revival of Buddhism, and the influence of the Christian faith grew substantially. Besides the indigenous religions of Shamanism and Cheondoism, as well as other faiths that include Buddhism, Confucianism, and Christianity, various other religions are also practiced in South Korea, including Judaism, Islam, and Hinduism. It is, however, critical to note that these faiths are practiced in very low numbers.

Words of History: Exploring the Linguistic Tapestries of Seoul

To understand the historical development of language in Seoul, it is first essential to gain an understanding of the Korean alphabet. The alphabet in South Korea is referred to as Hangul. On the other hand, a different name, Chosongul, is used in North Korea. The term Chosongul is also used in Chinese. This alphabet has been the foundation of language since the 15th century (Shin & Sneider, 2011). The evidence of its existence and development was described in Hummin Jeongeum. The translation of the name of this document means “The Proper Sounds for the Educated People.” In both its classical and modern forms, the alphabet contains 24 consonants and vowels (Shin & Sneider, 2011). These are written by grouping words into blocks to form sentences.

From Timeless Traditions to Modern Majesty: Reflecting on Seoul’s Rich Legacy

In conclusion, the history of Seoul from ancient times to the present is extremely captivating. The fact that evidence suggests the beginning of this history dates back to prehistoric times confirms just how old this city is. Various archaeological excavations in present-day Seoul have been used to show this. However, the most pronounced aspects of Seoul’s history emerged during the periods of the ancient three kingdoms of Baekje, Goguryeo, and Silla. These three kingdoms played a pivotal role in shaping the city’s development, as they introduced new ways of life and culture when they established Seoul as their capital. The same can be said regarding the periods of Goryeo, Joseon, and Korean rule in the city. The modern period of Seoul began after the end of Japanese colonial rule. This paved the way for the contemporary times, during which the city has successfully amalgamated its past with the present, making it the 20th most visited city in the world.

📎 References:

1. Kim, D. K. (2014). History of Korea ( 2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
2. Kim, J. (2012a). History of Korea: From “land of the morning calm” to states in conflict. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press.
3. Kim, K. (2012b). The study of urban form in South Korea. Urban Morphology, 16(2), 149-164.
4. Ladd, G. T. (n.d.). In Korea with Marquis Ito: Part I. a narrative of personal experiences; Part II. a critical and historical inquiry. Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/inkoreawithmarq03laddgoog/mode/2up?view=theater
5. Seth, M. J. (2010). History of Korea: From antiquity to the present. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers.
6. Shin, G., & Sneider, D. C. (2011). History Textbooks and the Wars in Asia: Divided Memories. New York, NY: Routledge.